**Required Aircraft Inspections

Regular aircraft inspections are necessary to maintain the continued airworthiness of any aircraft.

When a new aircraft is being designed and produced, the aviation authority, the manufacturer, and selected industry participants form groups called maintenance steering groups (MSG) and industry steering committees (ISC).

These groups, through numerous meetings determine the frequency and scope of aircraft inspections to be peformed. This information is provided to another group called the maintenance review board (MRB).

The MRB will issue their final recommendations to the manufacturer on how an aircraft should be maintained.

The manufacturer then publishes this information in maintenance planning documents to be provided to the customer.

For small private aircraft the aircraft owner usually follows the inspections and maintenance practices published by the manufacturer.

For airline or commercial operators, the recommendations of the MRB are used to develop a Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Program (CAMP), which is then approved by the FAA.

The CAMP outlines the amount of time between aircraft inspections and how often aircraft components need to be inspected, overhauled or replaced.

Aircraft inspections

Based on an operators experience, they can apply to the FAA for an adjustment of maintenance and inspection intervals.

Though there are different standards for the different periodic inspections, they collectively cover the entire aircraft and aircraft components over a period of time.

This includes inspecting the fuselage, wings, tail, landing gear and wheel well, engines, communications systems, instruments, electrical components, and other areas.

Important items on an inspectors list include looking for signs of corrosion and metal fatigue, as well as leaking or faulty components.

FAR Part 91 requires the inspection of all civil aircraft at specific intervals to determine the overall condition. Those intervals are based on the type of operation the aircraft is used for. The aircraft must also be maintained in an airworthy condition (referred to as continued airworthiness) between those required inspections.

Most small aircraft need to be inspected after each 100 hours of operation with at least one inspection each 12-calendar months. Some owners elect to inspect their aircraft in accordance with an inspection system set up to provide for total inspection of the aircraft on the basis of calendar time, time in service, number of system operations, or any combination of these.

All inspections should follow the current manufacturer's maintenance manual, including the Instructions for Continued Airworthiness concerning inspection intervals, parts replacement, and life-limited items as applicable to the aircraft.

**Large Aircraft Checks

While all aircraft have periodic inspections, large aircraft have to go through an extensive inspection process, also referred to as “checks.” There are several checks that need to be done according to calendar dates, flight hours, or flight cycles. A flight cycle is one flight, with a take-off and landing.

The manufacturer determines what each check will be called, but the following are typical checks using letters to identify them.

1) A CHECK

An A-check is a light routine inspection. On the opposite end of the spectrum, a D-check is the most intensive, long-term check.

A-checks are performed at around 500 flight hours (FH). This is a routine check, to make sure everything is functioning safely and efficiently. It can usually be completed overnight at an airport gate, and can even be delayed if an aircraft meets certain predetermined conditions.A Check is a light check carried out usually overnight at an airport gate. This check is carried out every month or every 500 flight hours, however, depending on the aircraft type the timing can change.

2) B CHECK

B-checks are more extensive than A checks, but can also be completed overnight.B Check is also a light check carried overnight at an airport gate. This check is normally performed every 3 months.

3) C CHECK

C-checks require aircraft to be docked at a hangar or repair station for detailed inspections. These are generally performed every 12-18 months, depending on the type of aircraft and the manufacturer’s specifications.C Check is a heavy maintanance check usually carried out every year or every 1.5 years. Since this check requires dessembly of critical parts, this check is performed in a hangar.

4) D CHECK

D-checks are done approximately every 4-5 years, and are the most intensive, time-consuming aircraft inspection. The aircraft needs to have every fastener, nut, wire, hinge, and component inspected, repaired, maintained, or replaced.D Check is sometimes called overhaul check or heavy maintenanc check. This check is performed in every 4-5 years: inspection of entire aircraft is carried out.

Because of the high cost and length of time required, older planes may not be worth going through this process, and will be scrapped for parts. The phasing out of old aircraft is necessary for the introduction of newer, safer aircraft and aircraft components.

**Drawbacks of MGS-2

Does not take the economic view into the considerations. Simply maintains aircraft safety at any cost Does not treat hidden failures to pilots: electric and electronic failures, fatigue inside the structure etc Is a bottom-up approach requiring more staff The definitions in MSG-2 contradicts themselves Does not take the modern corrosion prevention approach into account.

**Advantages of MSG-3

Top-down process Reduced maintenance costs Fewer maintenance tasks Some tasks are carried out for economic reasons and others for safety reasons Eliminates emotions Aircraft Maintenance Checks